A1-A2 Grammar

Spanish Nouns: Gender & Articles

Every Spanish noun has a gender and a number. Learn the strongest patterns first, then memorize the common exceptions that appear every day.

Quick Rule

Use the article as part of the word: do not learn casa alone; learn la casa. This makes adjective agreement, plural forms and sentence building much easier.

Gender Patterns: Strong Signals First

Endings are useful clues, but they are patterns, not absolute rules.

Common Spanish noun gender patterns and examples
Ending or Pattern Usually Examples Note
-a Feminine la casa, la mesa, la niña Very common pattern.
-o Masculine el libro, el niño, el desayuno Very common pattern.
-dad / -tad / -tud Feminine la ciudad, la libertad, la actitud Useful abstract nouns.
-ción / -sión Feminine la canción, la decisión, la información Often similar to English -tion / -sion.
-aje Masculine el viaje, el mensaje, el aprendizaje High-frequency ending.
-z Mixed la luz, la voz, but el lápiz Do not treat -z as always feminine.

Definite vs. Indefinite Articles

Definite

el, la, los, las

Used for specific things: “the”.

  • El niño está aquí.The boy is here.
  • La casa es grande.The house is big.

Indefinite

un, una, unos, unas

Used for non-specific things: “a/an” or “some”.

  • Hay un niño aquí.There is a boy here.
  • Tengo unas preguntas.I have some questions.
High-frequency exceptions

Rule Breakers You Must Know

Masculine words ending in -a

Several common nouns ending in -a are masculine.

el problema, el tema, el mapa, el planeta, el día

Feminine words ending in -o

Some common shortened words are feminine.

la mano, la foto, la moto, la radio

The el agua rule

Feminine nouns beginning with stressed a- or ha- use el in singular for pronunciation, but they remain feminine.

el agua fría → las aguas frías

el alma tranquila → las almas tranquilas

Plural Forms: The Practical Rules

Vowel + -s

la casa → las casas

the house → the houses

Consonant + -es

el papel → los papeles

the paper → the papers

-z → -ces

la luz → las luces

the light → the lights

Agreement Cheat Sheet

Noun + article + adjective must match

  • el libro rojo — the red book
  • la mesa roja — the red table
  • los libros rojos — the red books
  • las mesas rojas — the red tables

Learn nouns with the article

This prevents common mistakes with gender and adjective agreement.

la mano el problema el agua fría la foto

Deep Dive: Advanced Noun Mechanics